What caused the glow stick to glow when it was bent?

Self-contained, short-term light-source

1. The plastic casing covers the inner fluid.
2. The glass capsule covers the solution.
3. Diphenyl oxalate and fluorescent dye solution
4. Hydrogen peroxide solution
5. After the glass capsule is broken and the solutions mix, the glowstick glows.

Different color glow sticks meant for use as bracelets

A glow stick, besides known equally a light stick, chem low-cal, low-cal wand, light rod, and rave low-cal, is a self-contained, brusk-term light-source. Information technology consists of a translucent plastic tube containing isolated substances that, when combined, make lite through chemiluminescence. The light cannot exist turned off and can be used only once. The used tube is then thrown away. Glow sticks are often used for recreation, such every bit for events, camping, outdoor exploration, and concerts. Glow sticks are also relied upon for low-cal during military, police, fire, and emergency medical services operations. Industrial uses include marine, transportation, and mining.

History [edit]

Bis(2,4,five-trichlorophenyl-half dozen-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate, trademarked "Cyalume", was invented in 1971 by Michael M. Rauhut,^[i] Laszlo J. Bollyky, and Robert W. Sombathy of American Cyanamid, based on piece of work past Edwin A. Chandross of Bell Labs.^{[two] [3]}

Other early on work on chemiluminescence was carried out at the same time, by researchers under Herbert Richter at Communist china Lake Naval Weapons Center.^{[4] [5]}

Several Usa patents for glow stick-type devices were received by various inventors. Bernard Dubrow and Eugene Daniel Guth patented a packaged chemiluminescent textile in June 1965.^[6] In October 1973, Clarence W. Gilliam, David Iba Sr., and Thomas North. Hall were registered as inventors of the Chemic Lighting Device.^[vii] In June 1974, a patent for a Chemiluminescent Device was issued with Herbert P. Richter and Ruth East. Tedrick listed as the inventors.^[eight]

In January 1976, a patent was issued for the Chemiluminescent Signal Device, with Vincent J. Esposito, Steven Thousand. Little, and John H. Lyons listed as the inventors.^[ix] This patent recommended a unmarried glass ampoule that is suspended in a second substance, that when broken and mixed together, provide the chemiluminescent light. The design also included a stand for the signal device so it could be thrown from a moving vehicle and remain standing in an upright position on the road. The idea was this would supercede traditional emergency roadside flares and would exist superior, since information technology was not a burn hazard, would be easier and safer to deploy, and would not be made ineffective if struck past passing vehicles. This blueprint, with its single glass ampoule within a plastic tube filled with a 2nd substance that when bent breaks the drinking glass and then is shaken to mix the substances, most closely resembles the typical glow stick sold today.^{[ citation needed ]}

In December 1977, a patent was issued for a Chemical Light Device with Richard Taylor Van Zandt as the inventor.^[10] This pattern alteration features a steel brawl which shatters the glass ampoule when the glow stick is exposed to a predetermined level of shock; an example is an arrow flown night but illuminating its landing location upon sudden deceleration.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In the early 1980s the majority of glow sticks were produced in Novato, California by Omniglow Corp. Omniglow completed a leveraged buyout of American Cyanamid's chemical light division in 1994 and became the leading supplier of glow sticks worldwide until going out of business in 2014. Virtually glow sticks seen today are now made in China.^[11]

Disassembly of a chemoluminescent glow stick, from left to correct: (1) original, intact lightstick; (two) opened glow stick with peroxide mixture poured into a graduated cylinder and glass ampoule of fluorophore removed; (three) all iii under UV illumination showing fluorophore fluorescence and plastic container fluorescence; (four) chemoluminescence of mixed substances in the graduated cylinder; (5) the mixture returned to the original plastic container, showing a slightly different (more orangish) colour of light emission.

Uses [edit]

Glow sticks are waterproof, do non utilize batteries, generate negligible oestrus, are inexpensive, and are reasonably dispensable. They can tolerate high pressures, such as those constitute under h2o. They are used as light sources and lite markers by armed forces forces, campers, and recreational divers.^[12]

Amusement [edit]

Glow sticks providing decor at a political party

Glowsticking is the use of glow sticks in dancing.^[13] They are oftentimes used for entertainment at parties (in particular raves), concerts, and dance clubs. They are used by marching band conductors for evening performances; glow sticks are too used in festivals and celebrations around the globe. Glow sticks as well serve multiple functions every bit toys, readily visible night-fourth dimension warnings to motorists, and luminous markings that enable parents to keep rails of their children. Another use is for balloon-carried light effects. Glow sticks are also used to create special furnishings in low light photography and film.^[14]

The Guinness Book of Records recorded the earth's largest glow stick was cracked at 150 metres (492 ft ii in) tall. It was created by the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater's Chemistry Department to celebrate the schoolhouse's sesquicentennial, or 150th birthday in Whitewater, Wisconsin and cracked on 9 September 2018.^[15]

Recreation and survival [edit]

Glow sticks are used for outdoor recreation, ofttimes used at night for mark. Scuba divers use diving-rated glow sticks to mark themselves during night dives, and then can turn off bright diving lights. This is done to enable visibility of bioluminescent marine organisms, which cannot be seen while a vivid dive calorie-free is illuminated. Similarly, glow sticks are used on backpacks, tent pegs, and on jackets during overnight camping ground expeditions. Often, glow sticks are recommended every bit an addition to survival kits.

Manufacture [edit]

There are specific industrial uses of glow sticks, which are ofttimes used equally a light source in circumstances where electrical lighting and LED'south are non best suited. For example, in the mining industry, glow sticks are required for emergency evacuation in the example of a gas leak. Use of an electric light source in this case may cause an unintended explosion. Chemiluminescence, the type of light used in glow sticks, is a "common cold-light" and does not use electricity, and will not cause a gas leak to ignite.

Glow sticks are too used worldwide in the marine industry, often used as fishing lures in long-line, recreational, and commercial line-fishing, equally well as for personnel safety.

Military [edit]

Glow sticks are used by militaries, and occasionally also police tactical units, to marker cleared rooms or objects of note while clearing buildings during close-quarters combat. They are likewise used to help place friendly soldiers during nighttime operations.^[16]

Emergency services [edit]

Glow sticks are used by emergency services as back-upwardly light sources. For example, glow sticks are function of the United nations'due south emergency relief kits to people experiencing natural and humanitarian disasters. Often, emergency rescue crews will hand out glow sticks in club to keep rails of people at night, who may non have access to their own lighting. Glow sticks are sometimes attached to life vests and lifeboats on passenger and commercial vessels, to ensure night time visibility.

Glow stick emergency lighting stations are sometimes available for public transportation, such as subways, for emergency light to get passengers to safety in case of an emergency.

Operation [edit]

Glow sticks emit light when two chemicals are mixed. The reaction betwixt the two chemicals is catalyzed by a base, usually sodium salicylate.^[17] The sticks consist of a tiny, brittle container within a flexible outer container. Each container holds a dissimilar solution. When the outer container is flexed, the inner container breaks, allowing the solutions to combine, causing the necessary chemic reaction. Afterward breaking, the tube is shaken to thoroughly mix the components.

The glow stick contains ii chemicals, a base catalyst, and a suitable dye (sensitizer, or fluorophor). This creates an exergonic reaction. The chemicals inside the plastic tube are a mixture of the dye, the base catalyst, and diphenyl oxalate. The chemical in the glass vial is hydrogen peroxide. By mixing the peroxide with the phenyl oxalate ester, a chemical reaction takes place, yielding two moles of phenol and i mole of peroxyacid ester (i,ii-dioxetanedione).^[xviii] The peroxyacid decomposes spontaneously to carbon dioxide, releasing energy that excites the dye, which so relaxes by releasing a photon. The wavelength of the photon—the color of the emitted lite—depends on the structure of the dye. The reaction releases energy mostly as light, with very piffling rut.^[17] The reason for this is that the reverse [2 + two] photocycloadditions of 1,ii-dioxetanedione is a forbidden transition (it violates Woodward–Hoffmann rules) and cannot proceed through a regular thermal mechanism.

Oxidation of an diphenyl oxalate (pinnacle), decomposition of 1,ii-dioxetanedione (centre), relaxation of dye (lower)

By adjusting the concentrations of the two chemicals and the base, manufacturers tin can produce glow sticks that glow either brightly for a short amount of fourth dimension or more dimly for an extended length of fourth dimension. This also allows glow sticks to perform satisfactorily in hot or cold climates, past compensating for the temperature dependence of reaction. At maximum concentration (typically found only in laboratory settings), mixing the chemicals results in a furious reaction, producing large amounts of light for only a few seconds. The same outcome can be accomplished by adding copious amounts of sodium salicylate or other bases. Heating a glow stick too causes the reaction to proceed faster and the glow stick to glow more brightly for a brief menstruation. Cooling a glow stick slows the reaction a pocket-size amount and causes it to concluding longer, only the calorie-free is dimmer. This can be demonstrated by refrigerating or freezing an agile glow stick; when it warms upwards again, information technology will resume glowing. The dyes used in glow sticks unremarkably exhibit fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet radiation—even a spent glow stick may therefore shine under a black calorie-free.

The low-cal intensity is high immediately after activation, and so exponentially decays. Leveling of this initial high output is possible past refrigerating the glow stick earlier activation.^[19]

Spectral emission of chemiluminescence (green line) of mixed fluorophore and peroxide, which was removed from an orange glow stick, fluorescence of liquid fluorophore in drinking glass ampoule merely (before mixing) while under blackness light (yellowish-orange line), fluorescence of plastic outer container of orangish glow stick under blackness low-cal (red line), and spectrum of reassembled chemiluminescent glow stick (glowing liquid poured back into original orange plastic vial) (darker orange line). This plot thus shows that the orange lite from an orange glow stick (identical to the one in the above glow stick disassembly image) is created by a greenish-yellow light emitting chemoluminescent liquid partially inducing fluorescence in (and existence filtered by) an orangish plastic container.

A combination of 2 fluorophores tin be used, with one in the solution and another incorporated to the walls of the container. This is advantageous when the second fluorophore would degrade in solution or be attacked by the chemicals. The emission spectrum of the outset fluorophore and the assimilation spectrum of the second one have to largely overlap, and the first one has to emit at shorter wavelength than the 2d one. A downconversion from ultraviolet to visible is possible, as is conversion between visible wavelengths (eastward.thou., green to orange) or visible to nearly-infrared. The shift tin be equally much as 200 nm, but usually the range is about 20–100 nm longer than the absorption spectrum.^[20] Glow sticks using this approach tend to accept colored containers, due to the dye embedded in the plastic. Infrared glow sticks may appear dark-ruby to black, every bit the dyes absorb the visible calorie-free produced inside the container and reemit near-infrared.

Light emitted from a white glow stick. 4 or five peaks are observed in the spectrum, suggesting the presence of iv or v different fluorophores contained in the glow stick.

On the other hand, diverse colors can also exist achieved past just mixing several fluorophores within the solution to accomplish the desired effect.^{[17] [21]} These various colors can be achieved due to the principles of additive color. For example, a combination of cerise, yellow, and green fluorophores is used in orange light sticks,^[17] and a combination of several fluorescers is used in white lite sticks.^[21]

Fluorophores used [edit]

• ix,10-Diphenylanthracene (DPA) emits blue light
• ix-(2-phenylethenyl) anthracene emits teal lite
• 1-chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene (1-chloro(DPA)) and 2-chloro-9,ten-diphenylanthracene (2-chloro(DPA)) emit blue-greenish light more efficiently than nonsubstituted DPA
• ix,ten-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) emits green light with maximum at 486 nm
• 1-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene emits yellow-green light, used in 30-minute high-intensity Cyalume sticks
• 2-Chloro-9,ten-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene emits green light, used in 12-60 minutes low-intensity Cyalume sticks
• 1,8-dichloro-nine,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene emits xanthous light, used in Cyalume sticks
• Rubrene emits orangish-yellow at 550 nm
• two,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 1,four,5,8-tetracarboxynaphthalene diamide emits deep cherry-red light, together with DPA is used to produce white or hot-pink calorie-free, depending on their ratio
• Rhodamine B emits ruby light. It is rarely used, equally information technology breaks downward in contact with CPPO, shortening the shelf life of the mixture.
• v,12-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene emits orange lite
• Violanthrone emits orange light at 630 nm
• 16,17-(ane,2-ethylenedioxy)violanthrone emits red at 680 nm
• 16,17-dihexyloxyviolanthrone emits infrared at 725 nm^[22]
• 16,17-butyloxyviolanthrone emits infrared^[23]
• North,Northward'-bis(two,v,-di-tert-butylphenyl)-3,4,9,ten-perylenedicarboximide emits red^[23]
• 1-N,Northward-dibutylaminoanthracene emits infrared^[23]
• 6-methylacridinium iodide emits infrared^[23]

• 

• 

• 

• 

  rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyl naphthacene) yields yellowish light

• 

Safety issues [edit]

Toxicity [edit]

In glow sticks, phenol is produced every bit a byproduct. It is advisable to proceed the mixture away from pare and to preclude accidental ingestion if the glow stick case splits or breaks. If spilled on skin, the chemicals could crusade slight skin irritation, swelling, or, in extreme circumstances, vomiting and nausea. Some of the chemicals used in older glow sticks were thought to be potential carcinogens.^[24] The sensitizers used are polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, a class of compounds known for their carcinogenic properties.

Dibutyl phthalate, an ingredient sometimes used in glow sticks, has raised some health concerns. It was put on California's list of suspected teratogens in 2006.^[25]

Glow sticks contain ingredients that act equally a plasticizer. This ways if a glow stick leaks onto anything plastic it can liquefy it.^[26]

Diphenyl oxalate tin sting and burn down optics, irritate and sting skin and can burn the mouth and throat if ingested.

Additionally, used glow sticks that remain in the environs crusade long term pollution. This Nature Paper outlines the many secondary reactions that proceed to react within the used glow sticks and chem lights used by the marine industry (and is similar for all glow stick types).^[27] "Loss of viability, cell cycle changes and DNA fragmentation were observed in HepG2 cell line and skin fibroblasts. A non-cytotoxic LS (Lite Stick) concentration increased the occurrence of the mutagenic lesion i,N6-εdAdo in HepG2 DNA by three-fold. Additionally, in vitro incubations of spent LS contents with Dna generated dGuo-LS adducts, whose structure elucidation revealed the presence of a reactive chlorinated product. In conclusion, the LS contents were found to be highly cyto- and genotoxic. Our information signal an urgent need for LS waste matter management guidelines and for adequate information regarding toxic outcomes that may arise from human exposure."

Single-use plastics [edit]

Glow sticks also contribute to the plastic waste matter trouble, as glow sticks are single-apply and made from plastic. Additionally, since the inner vial is often made from glass and the chemicals inside are dangerous if improperly handled, the plastic used for glow sticks is not-recoverable by recycling services, so glow sticks are categorized as non-recyclable waste.

Condom improvements [edit]

Past the 2020s, work was being done to create safer glow sticks and alternatives. Canadian company Nyoka Design Labs^[28] develops glow stick alternatives. The Light Wand is biodegradable and glows with bioluminescence, rather than the chemiluminescence. The LUMI is a reusable and non-toxic alternative that glows with phosphorescence, and is chemically and biologically inert.

Meet too [edit]

• Tritium illumination
• Glowmatography

References [edit]

1. ^ Rauhut, Michael M. (1969). "Chemiluminescence from concerted peroxide decomposition reactions (science)". Accounts of Chemical Research. 3 (three): 80–87. doi:10.1021/ar50015a003.
2. ^ Wilson, Elizabeth (August 22, 1999). "What's that stuff? Light Sticks". Chemical & Engineering News. 77 (3): 65. doi:ten.1021/cen-v077n003.p065. Archived from the original (reprint) on May nineteen, 2012.
3. ^ Chandross, Edwin A. (1963). "A new chemiluminescent system". Tetrahedron Letters. 4 (12): 761–765. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)90712-ix.
4. ^ Rood, S. A. "Chapter 4 Post-Legislation Cases" (PDF). Government Laboratory Applied science Transfer: Process and Bear on Assessment (Doctoral Dissertation). Archived from the original on 2015-x-26. Retrieved 2020-09-23 .
5. ^ Steve Givens (July 27, 2005). "The smashing glow stick controversy (Forum Department)". Student Life.
6. ^ (Patent 3,774,022)
7. ^ (Patent 3,764,796)
8. ^ (Patent 3,819,925)
9. ^ (Patent 3,933,118)
10. ^ (Patent 4,064,428)
11. ^ "WHAT'South THAT STUFF? - Light STICKS". pubsapp.acs.org . Retrieved 2021-09-29 .
12. ^ Davies, D (1998). "Diver location devices". Periodical of the Southward Pacific Underwater Medicine Guild. 28 (iii). Archived from the original on 2009-05-nineteen.
13. ^ "What Is Glowsticking?". Glowsticking.com. 2009-09-xix. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2012-12-21 .
14. ^ "Jai Glow! PCD vs. Team Ef Em El". YouTube. 2011-02-21. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 2012-12-21 .
15. ^ "Largest glowstick". guinnessworldrecords.com. Retrieved 2020-05-15 .
16. ^ Rempfer, Kyle (2019-02-21). "Air Force labs develop and field chemlight replacement". Air Force Times . Retrieved 2021-10-04 .
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Kuntzleman, Thomas Scott; Rohrer, Kristen; Schultz, Emeric (2012-06-12). "The Chemistry of Lightsticks: Demonstrations To Illustrate Chemical Processes". Journal of Chemical Pedagogy. 89 (7): 910–916. Bibcode:2012JChEd..89..910K. doi:10.1021/ed200328d. ISSN 0021-9584.
18. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.bnl.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-15 .
19. ^ "Info". www.dtic.mil. Retrieved 2019-12-xv .
20. ^ "Chemical lighting device – American Cyanamid Company". Freepatentsonline.com. 1981-02-19. Retrieved 2012-12-21 .
21. ^ ^{a b} Kuntzleman, Thomas S.; Condolement, Anna E.; Baldwin, Bruce W. (2009). "Glowmatography". Journal of Chemic Education. 86 (1): 64. Bibcode:2009JChEd..86...64K. doi:10.1021/ed086p64.
22. ^ Karukstis, Kerry K.; Van Hecke, Gerald R. (2003-04-10). Chemistry Connections: The Chemical Footing of Everyday Phenomena . Bookish Press. p. 139. ISBN9780124001510 . Retrieved 2012-12-21 . infrared lightstick.
23. ^ ^{a b c d} "Chemiluminescent Compositions And Methods Of Making And Using Thereof – Patent Application". Faqs.org. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2012-12-21 .
24. ^ "SCAFO Online Articles". scafo.org.
25. ^ "Debutyl Phthalate". PubChem.
26. ^ "Everything there is to know almost glowsticks..." glowsticks.co.u.k..
27. ^ de Oliveira, Tiago Franco; da Silva, Amanda Lucila Medeiros; de Moura, Rafaela Alves; Bagattini, Raquel; de Oliveira, Antonio Anax Falcão; de Medeiros, Marisa Helena Gennari; Di Mascio, Paolo; de Arruda Campos, Ivan Pérsio; Barretto, Fabiano Prado; Bechara, Etelvino José Henriques; de Melo Loureiro, Ana Paula (2014-06-19). "Luminescent threat: toxicity of lite stick attractors used in pelagic fishery". Scientific Reports. iv (1): 5359. doi:ten.1038/srep05359. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC5381548.
28. ^ Nyoka Pattern Labs

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glowsticks.

• Glowsticks chemistry

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_stick

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